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Coal is a fossil fuel formed from ancient plant matter, widely used for electricity generation and industrial processes, but its extraction and combustion contribute significantly to environmental concerns like air pollution and climate change.

Oil and gas are crucial energy resources extracted from underground reservoirs, processed into fuels and chemicals, and driving global industries while requiring sustainable practices to mitigate environmental impacts.

Coastal protection and reclamation involve strategies like seawalls, breakwaters, beach nourishment, and land reclamation to safeguard shorelines from erosion, flooding, and rising sea levels while creating usable land.